Pedestrians in Mexico City
Almost everywhere I travel as a consultant, someone asks me whether it’s realistic to expect people to walk given the extremes of their climate.
They don’t just ask me this in Edmonton and Singapore. I’ve even been asked this about Los Angeles, where the climate is very mild by global standards. Well-traveled elites can form wildly nuanced intolerances about weather. But how much should these opinions matter?
For example, if you’re a popular economics pundit based in the bucolic climate of San Francisco, almost all of the world’s urban climates will seem extreme to you, so it may seem logical to say:
Visiting any country in the Global South makes you realize why walkable urbanism is dead. Walking around sucks when it’s hot. And the whole world is only getting hotter.
— Noah Smith 🐇 (@Noahpinion) October 7, 2025
And yet when I travel in the “Global South” I see lots of people walking. They may not be having an ideal experience. The infrastructure may uncomfortable or even unsafe. But they’re walking. They are probably walking because they can’t drive or can’t afford to buy a car, but then, their cities are already congested, so their cities wouldn’t function if everyone was in cars.
These people’s behavior matters. Once more with feeling: The functionality of a city, and of its transport system, arises from the sum of everyone’s choices about how to travel, not just the preferences of elites. When elites make pronouncements about what “people” will tolerate, while really speaking only of themselves, they mislead us about how cities actually succeed. They also demean the contributions of the vast majority of people who are in fact tolerating extreme weather to do whatever will give their lives meaning and value.
Most people don’t travel that much. Most people have therefore adapted, often unconsciously, to the climate where they live. (As they say in Saskatchewan, “there’s no bad weather, there are only bad clothes.”) There are ways to adapt to most weather conditions. There are things you can do as an individual, and then there are also things that great urban design and planning can do.
Are there extreme exceptions? Dubai comes to mind. I’ve walked in Dubai, scurrying from one rectangular block of Modernist shade to the next, often needing to cross high-speed streets full of reckless drivers. But Dubai’s problem is not that it would be impossible to walk there. It’s that the city was mostly designed by elites who assumed that nobody would walk (because they as elites wouldn’t walk) and they’ve therefore made choices that make walking difficult. There are pleasant walkable areas in Dubai, notably the historic port that was laid out back when everyone walked.
And in every city there will be times when walking is less pleasant. But people and economies adapt to that. The Spanish ritual of the siesta is a practical adaptation to the fact that it’s often unpleasantly hot in the mid-afternoon. So people often rest then, and instead drive their economies late into the evening. Most cities also tolerate a few days a year when the weather is so bad that the economy isn’t expected to function normally. In Portland, where I live, winter ice and snow have this effect; these events are so rare that the city can’t expect to handle them the way Chicago does. We mostly shut down the city for a day or two, and that ends up being the least bad solution.
The human ability to adapt is the key to our spectacular success on this planet. Our problem is that the people who lead our public conversations, our elites of wealth and opinion, are often some of the least adaptable people on earth. And when societies assume that we should listen to those people, we all end up internalizing the message that there’s something wrong with us if we even try to walk in Phoenix in July or Chicago in January.
And that’s wrong. Sometimes walking a few blocks is the key to liberty and prosperity in someone’s life. Most people do what makes sense in the place where they live. Only if we recognize that will we make the investments in urban design to make walking more bearable in extreme weather. And only then will our cities include everyone.
The greatest biking city in North America is Montreal. It may also be the best walking city. It is moderately hilly and by most standards very, very cold and snowy. Winter cycling is a big thing and growing. Walking in the winter has always been important, whether as a full trip in itself or to get to the nearest Metro or bus stop. If lots of people walk and bike in the winter in Montreal, they can walk and bike most places in the winter.
I generally like Noah Smith but I think he’s engagement farming with his tweet.
Smith does touch upon what could pose a problem for climate change as the Global South becomes wealthier. The poorer megacities are going to aspirationally design their cities like Sun Belt suburbs because that is how they see American wealth presented on TV. Everyone has a car, a house, a front yard and a back yard, a pool and a barbecue. Even if China ends up supplying them solar infrastructure and sells them EVs, consumerism is going to negate carbon reductions.
Even China is famous for having built an American-style subdivision and calling it Orange County.