One-way splits — where the two directions of travel are on different streets — are often the scourge of transit: on the map, for example, they appear to cover more area than two way service, but actually serve less. And they certainly make transit maps confusing:
Still, they're frequently mandated by one-way traffic couplets. Those, in turn, are usually mandated by the goal of flushing traffic through a city, though there are cases, notably Portland, where one-way couplets are perfect for creating an intimate and walkable downtown.
Transit agencies may not be able to avoid one-way couplets, but they can control how they describe them and think about them. WMATA (and its map designer, CHK America, have made a major step in their new network map. We covered the development of this mpa previously. Here's what it looks like today:
Red represents the most frequent bus lines, blue the infrequent ones, and black the DC Metro system. Other colors are used to depict services of other transit agencies. This basic, clear symbolization quickly communicates the relative importance and usefulness of each type of service.
Marc Szarkowski, who contributed his own frequent network map of Baltimore to the blog last week, asks: how do we show a single route that runs as a two-way couplet on separate streets, without introducing too much clutter or confusion?
Marc writes:
I think they can work if presented effectively, but overall I often find them confusing, especially if I'm taking an unfamiliar route to an unfamiliar area (all the more you have to remember, particularly if you take multiple such routes). For example, whenever I ride a bus to an unfamiliar area, I tend to assume that the stop I get off at in one direction is just as good for boarding in the other direction. It's frustrating to return to the stop just to discover that you have to walk a block over (or sometimes more: see the 10 in West Baltimore!) to catch the same route in the other direction.
WMATA's map uses one line to show both branches of route, and labels either side with the couplet streets. This effectively reduces the amount of clutter on the map, but also excludes which direction the bus travels on each street. This information is less crucial in the case of the B2 shown left, where no other routes travel on the same pair of streets, but where multiple routes use the same streets, in different patters towards different destinations, combining paired one-way streets can become very confusing. Marc's map does not employ this method of simplification for the same reason:
In Baltimore's case multiple overlapping routes were sometimes offset across a series of three or more one-way streets; i.e. Route 1 up on street A and down on B, Route 2 down on B and up on C, Route 3 up on C and down on D, and so on
Ultimately, desiging this type of a map is about balancing information density and comprehensibility. The user needs to know that line B2 runs on both 14th and 15th streets, but for a map at citywide scale, it may be more important to communicate that B2 is a frequent line serving a long, straight corridor on the eastern side of the city. The map already distorts direction and the exact shape of the streets in favor of a simpler visual effect. WMATA's map uses the same approach to one-way street pairs, downplaying accuracy in favor of ease of use.
Why not indicate direction with an arrow character next to the street label? e.g.
<- 14th St --------------- 15th St ->
I did that for a montreal map, I think it worked out well (sorry for the shameless plug: http://www.cat-bus.com/2010/09/a-map-for-montreals-frequent-service/)
Jarrett, thanks again for posting my thoughts here!
Max, I agree that your strategy seems simplest and most effective, and unobtrusive directional arrows could be added to street labels on the WMATA map quite easily. But what about the multiple offset routes that Jarrett quoted above? Would this similar tactic…
< Street A ---Rte 1--- Street B >
—Rte 2—
< Street C ---Rte 3--- Street D >
..work, or would it seem too confusing? (You’d also lose the ability to merge routes into a thick line to indicate a combined FTN because you’d have to indicate street names in between the routes.)
I think directional arrows are a good way to go. Admittedly my experience is based on DC specifically, but usually the reason that routes are split is because there is one way traffic on that segment so in most instances the buses would only be going in one direction even for multiple routes. I’m sure people can prove me wrong, but it would be a good start for those instances. I’ve found real time apps surprisingly helpful in located exact stops in those cases for new routes as well as providing arrival information.
Labeling the streets in a tiny font risks clutter, but it is an important and ingenious solution to this problem. If the software/font you are using has strong Unicode support you could use glyphs for the arrows, like here:
http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/geometric_shapes.html
It’s worth noting as a little aside that one-way street couplets are great for cyclists. At every intersection, the cyclist only needs to worry about one motorist with only one choice of direction.
The use of contra-flow bus lanes can reduce the need for one-way street couplets, giving a one-way street for general traffic but a two-way street for buses.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFCilA4S-Ok